Abstract The species Passiflora tripartita Kunth (tumbo) is endemic to South America, whose edible fruits are a rich source of antioxidant metabolites. This study aimed to develop a probiotic yogurt with tumbo fruit pulp, consisting of an adequate antioxidant capacity related to its content in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids, and with good acceptability. Antioxidant capacity was determined by radical scavenging capacity test (DPPH●) and cation radical scavenging capacity test (ABTS+●), total phenol content by Folin Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids, and carotenoids by spectrophotometric method, on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of storage. The surface plate count method quantified Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). The results evidenced that at day 21 of the analysis, the antioxidant capacity presented high values (DPPH●: 8.774 mg GAE/g, 3.386 mg TAE/g, 6.159 mg AAE/g; ABTS+●: 11.630 mg GAE/g, 7.018 mg TAE/g, 9.218 mg AAE/g), the content of phenolic compounds presented high values (3746.389 mg TPGAE/g; 2355.933 mg TPTAE/g), as well as total flavonoids (52.421 mg Quercetin/g) and carotenoids (72.109 µg β-carotene/g). Yogurt presents a value of 3.4 x 108 CFU/g of LAB and it is therefore considered a probiotic. High values were determined as the sensory characteristics such as odor (6.89), color (6.97), texture (6.94), flavor (6.97), and acceptability (6.94), thus being analyzed according to the hedonic scale in 200 panelists. The physicochemical and microbiological quality of the yogurt complies with current regulations. In conclusion, the probiotic yogurt developed with tumbo fruit pulp had a high amount of LAB. It presented high antioxidant capacity correlated with its high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids, which remained high during the 21 days of storage. Furthermore, it showed high acceptability and had adequate physicochemical and microbiological quality.

Resumo A espécie Passiflora tripartita Kunth conhecida popularmente como tumbo, é endêmica da América do Sul. Seus frutos comestíveis são uma rica fonte de metabólitos antioxidantes. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um iogurte probiótico com polpa de fruta tumbo, com capacidade antioxidante adequada, relacionada ao seu conteúdo em compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e carotenoides, e com boa aceitabilidade. A capacidade antioxidante foi determinada pelo teste de capacidade de absorção do radical DPPH (DPPH●) e pelo teste de capacidade de absorção de cátion-radical (ABTS+●); o conteúdo fenólico total foi determinado pelo método Folin Ciocalteu e os flavonoides totais e carotenoides, pelo método espectrofotométrico, nos dias 1, 7, 14 e 21 de armazenamento. As Bactérias Ácido-Láticas (BAL) foram quantificadas pelo método de contagem de placas de superfície. Os resultados evidenciaram que, no dia 21 da análise, a capacidade antioxidante apresentou valores elevados (DPPH●: 8.774 mg GAE/g, 3.386 mg TAE/g, 6.159 mg AAE/g; ABTS+●: 11.630 mg GAE/g, 7.018 mg TAE/g, 9.218 mg AAE/g) e o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos apresentou valores também expressivos (3746.389 mg TPGAE/g; 2355.933 mg TPTAE/g), bem como flavonoides totais (52.421 mg Quercetina/g) e carotenoides (72.109 µg β-caroteno/g). O iogurte apresentou um valor de 3,4 × 108 CFU/g de BAL e foi, portanto, considerado um probiótico. Valores altos foram determinados em características sensoriais, tais como odor (6,89), cor (6,97), textura (6,94), sabor (6,97) e aceitabilidade (6,94), que foram analisados de acordo com a escala hedônica por 200 provadores. A qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do iogurte está em conformidade com os regulamentos atuais. Em conclusão, o iogurte probiótico desenvolvido com polpa de fruto tumbo teve uma alta quantidade de BAL. Esse iogurte teve uma alta capacidade antioxidante correlacionada com seu alto conteúdo de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e carotenoides, que permaneceram elevados durante os 21 dias de armazenamento. Além disso, esse iogurte mostrou uma alta aceitabilidade e teve também uma qualidade físico-química e microbiológica adequada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In military medicine, natural healing agents against incision wounds are relevant in the treatment of the military. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Peperomia congona Sodiro (congona), Annona muricata L. (guanabana), Urtica urens L. (ortiga), Ormosia coccinea (Aubl) Jacks (huairuro), Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill. (tuna) and Musa acuminata Colla (platano bellaco) in incised wounds of Rattus norvegicus albinus (albino rat). Methods: Experimental analytical study of prospective and longitudinal type. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the 6 extracts was carried out. We used 80 male albino rats, randomized and distributed in 8 groups (n = 10). A dermal application was made during 10 consecutive days after the generation of incised wounds that were made on the back. Group I (0.9% sodium chloride). Group II (commercial healing gel). From Group III to VIII they were treated with hydroalcoholic extract of congona, guanábana, ortiga, huairuro, tuna and platano bellaco respectively. The evolution of healing was followed on days 1, 5 and 11 and measured in millimeters. Results: The presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids was detected in the 6 extracts; in addition to coumarins in congona, tannins in guanábana, nettle, tuna and huayruro, quinonas in guanábana and plantain bellaco. The healing activity was verified in the extracts of guanabana (69.77 %), tuna (66.27 %), platano bellaco (64.38 %), ortiga (56.73 %), congona (55.74 %) and huayruro (54.50 %), compared with a commercial gel (72.21 %). Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Annona muricata L. (guanábana) showed the highest healing activity in incised wounds of male albino rats.

RESUMEN Introducción: En la medicina militar, los agentes cicatrizantes naturales frente a heridas por incisión son relevantes en el tratamiento de los militares. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad cicatrizante de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de Peperomia congona Sodiro (congona), Annona muricata L. (guanábana), Urtica urens L. (ortiga),Ormosia coccinea (Aubl) Jacks (huayruro), Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill. (tuna) y Musa acuminata Colla (plátano bellaco) en heridas incisas de Rattus norvegicus albinus (rata albina). Métodos: Estudio analítico experimental de tipo prospectivo y longitudinal. Se realizó el análisis fitoquímico preliminar de los 6 extractos. Se emplearon 80 ratas albinas machos, aleatorizadas y distribuidas en 8 grupos (n = 10). Se realizó una aplicación dermal durante 10 días consecutivos posteriores a la generación de heridas incisas que se realizaron en el dorso. Grupo I (cloruro de sodio al 0,9 %). Grupo II (gel cicatrizante comercial). Del Grupo III al VIII fueron tratados con extracto hidroalcohólico de congona, guanábana, ortiga, huairuro, tuna y plátano bellaco respectivamente. La evolución de la cicatrización fue seguida en los días 1, 5 y 11 y medida en milímetros. Resultados: Se detectó la presencia de alcaloides, compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides en los 6 extractos; además de cumarinas en congona, taninos en guanábana, ortiga, tuna y huayruro, y quinonas en guanábana y plátano bellaco. Se comprobó la actividad cicatrizante en los extractos de guanábana (69,77 %), tuna (66,27 %), plátano bellaco (64,38 %), ortiga (56,73 %), congona (55,74 %) y huayruro (54,50 %), comparados con un gel comercial (72,21 %). Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Annona muricata L. (guanábana) presentó la mayor actividad cicatrizante en heridas incisas de ratas albinas machos.

Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory potential of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, as well as the inhibition of glucose diffusion, using polysaccharides isolated from Nostoc sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault and treated by in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Materials and methods: The polysaccharides obtained from the microalga were purified and treated through in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility in order to simulate digestion. The hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by methods such as the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and glucose diffusion of the digested polysaccharides, and compared with the medication acarbose. Results: The results showed that the concentration of 50 mg/mL of digested polysaccharides decreases by 85.26 % the spread of in vitro glucose. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the α-glucosidase enzyme was 314.23 ± 4.87 mg/mL and that of the α-amylase enzyme was 113.59 ± 3.10 mg/mL. Conclusions: Nostoc sphaericum polysaccharides treated by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion showed the ability to inhibit the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and glucose diffusion. Therefore, this species would be considered promising for a possible adjuvant treatment of type 2 diabetes

Objetivo: Evaluar el potencial inhibitorio de las enzimas α-amilasa y α-glucosidasa, así como la inhibición de la difusión de la glucosa, por los polisacáridos aislados de Nostoc Sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault tratados mediante digestión gastrointestinal simulada a nivel in vitro. Materiales y métodos: Los polisacáridos obtenidos de microalga fueron purificados y tratados mediante digestibilidad gastrointestinal in vitro, con la finalidad de simular su digestión. Se evaluó la actividad hipoglucemiante mediante los métodos de inhibición de la α-glucosidasa, α-amilasa y la difusión de la glucosa de los polisacáridos digeridos, comparados con el medicamento acarbosa. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la concentración de 50 mg/mL de polisacáridos digeridos disminuye en un 85,26 % la difusión de la glucosa a nivel in vitro. La concentración inhibitoria (CI50) de la enzima α-glucosidasa fue de 314,23 ± 4,87 mg/mL y la enzima α-amilasa 113,59 ± 3,10 mg/mL. Conclusiones: Los polisacáridos de Nostoc sphaericum tratados mediante digestión gastrointestinal in vitro, mostraron capacidad de inhibir las enzimas α-amilasa, α-glucosidasa y la difusión de glucosa; motivo por el cual la especie sería considerado promisoria para un posible tratamiento coadyuvante de la diabetes tipo 2

Resumen Se evaluó el ácido úsnico (1), aislado del liquen Evernia prunastri (Cajamarca-Perú), producto natural conocido por sus actividades biológicas, y, del mismo modo, se evaluó la síntesis de su derivado acil-hidrazona (2), obtenido a partir de una reacción de condensación entre el ácido úsnico y la isoniazida en solución etanólica a reflujo, con un rendimiento global de 95%. Ambos compuestos fueron evaluados y comparados con la isoniazida según su actividad anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis basada en el ensayo de susceptibilidad mediante el método TEMA. Los resultados mostraron que el compuesto 1 presenta valores de MIC de 16,0 μg/mL frente a las cepas H37Rv, TB DM 97 y MDR DM 1098, mientras que el compuesto 2 presenta valores de MIC de 2,0; 64,0 y 64,0 μg/mL respectivamente.

Abstract Compound usnic acid (1), isolated from lichen Evernia prunastri (Cajamarca-Peru) and the synthesis and characterization of its acyl-hydrazone (2), from the condensation reaction between usnic acid and isoniazid in an ethanol solution under reflux, giving an overall yield of 95%, were evaluated. Both compounds were evaluated and compared with isoniazid according to its anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity based on the tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA). Compound 1 had MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) value of 16.0 μg/mL in each test of H37Rv (susceptible type), TB DM 97 (resistant wild type) and MDR DM 1098 (multi drug resistances type) strains. In similar tests, compound 2 MIC values were 2.0, 64.0 and 64.0 μg/mL respectively.

Resumo Foi avaliado o ácido úsnico (1), um produto natural conhecido pelas suas atividades biológicas, isolado a partir do líquen Evernia prunastri (Cajamarca-Peru), assim mesmo foi avaliada a síntese do seu derivado, a acil-hidrazona (2), obtido a partir de uma reação de condensação com refluxo entre o ácido úsnico e a isoniazida em solução etanólica, com um rendimento global de 95%. A atividade anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis de ambos compostos foi avaliada e comparada com a isoniazida mediante testes de sensibilidade obtidos pelo método TEMA. Os resultados mostraram que o composto 1 apresenta o valor de MIC de 16,0 μg/mL contra variedades H37Rv, TB DM 97 e MDR DM 1098; enquanto que para o composto 2 os valores de MIC são de 2,0; 64,0 e 64,0 μg/mL, respectivamente.

Objective: To evaluate antidiabetic activity of water and ethanol extracts from Psidium guajava L. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced in albino rats by administering alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg i.p.). Water extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg was administered at a single dose, while ethanol extracts at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg were also administered at a single dose. Blood glucose was determined two hours after administering the extracts.Results: The addition of water and ethanol extracts of Psidium guajava L. tended to decrease the blood glucose concentration. The water extract at a concentration of 250 mg/kg was found to be more potent than ethanol extracts with the lowest mean glucose concentration of 86.67 mg/dL two hours after it was administered. The effect of ethanol extract was only observed at the concentration of 500 mg/kg with a slight decrease in blood glucose. Conclusion: This study indicated a significant antidiabetic activity of water extract of Psidium guajava L. in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antidiabética de los extractos acuoso y etanólico obtenidos a partir de las hojas de Psidium guajava L. en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano. Material y Métodos: La hiperglicemia se indujo en ratas albinas mediante la administración de aloxano monohidrato (100 mg/kg ip). El extracto acuoso fue administrado en una sola dosis de 250 mg/kg, mientras que el extracto etanólico a las dosis de 250 y 500 mg/kg también a dosis única. La glucosa en sangre se determinó a las dos, cuatro y veinticuatro horas, después de la administración del aloxano. Resultados: La administración de los extractos acuoso y etanólico de Psidium guajava L. tendieron a disminuir la concentración de glucosa en sangre. El extracto acuoso con una concentración de 250 mg/kg se encontró que era más potente que los extractos etanólicos, con la concentración de glucosa media más baja de 86,67 mg/dL, dos horas después de que se administró. El efecto del extracto etanólico sólo se observó en la concentración de 500 mg/kg con una ligera disminución de la glucosa en sangre. Conclusión: Este estudio indicó una actividad antidiabética significativa del extracto acuoso de Psidium guajava L. en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano.

It was developed and validated the quantification of tannins of the hydroalcoholic extract, by means of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, where the method turned out to be selective, lineal, precise (repeat and reproduce) and exact; they were obtained as a result for compound total phenolic: 13,5158 0,1825 g of tannic acid/ 100 g of bark; for tannins: 11,8590 0,5453 g of tannic acid/ 100 g of bark, and for condensed tannins: 1,62368 0,0784 g of tannic acid/ 100 g of bark.

Se desarrollo y valido la cuantificacion de taninos del extracto hidroalcoholico, mediante espectrofotometria ultravioleta-visible, donde el metodo resulto ser selectivo, lineal, preciso (repetible y reproducible) y exacto; se obtuvo como resultado para compuestos fenolicos totales: 13,5158 0,1825 g de acido tanico/100 g de corteza; para taninos: 11,8590 0,5453 g de acido tanico/ 100 g de corteza; y para taninos condensados: 1,62368 0,0784 g de acido tanico/ 100 g de corteza.

In the pharmacognostic analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of Triplaris americana L., has been evidenced phenolics compound: tannins and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of the extract hydroalcoholic was evaluated, applying the method of the DPPH obtaining as inhibitory concentration IC50 9, 5498 ug/mL, with slightly superior result compared with the standard trolox. When evaluating the toxicity to unique dose of the hydroalcoholic extract (2000 mg/kg of corporal mass), mortality didn't take place neither they showed indicative symptoms of toxicity in the experimental animals.

En el análisis farmacognóstico del extracto hidroalcohólico de la corteza de Triplaris americana L., se han evidenciado compuestos fenólicos: taninos y flavonoides. Se evaluó la actividad antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico, aplicando el método del DPPH, obteniendo como concentración inhibitoria IC50 9,5498 ug/mL, con resultado levemente superior comparado con el estándar trolox. Al evaluar la toxicidad a dosis límite del extracto hidroalcohólico (2000 mg/kg de masa corporal), no se produjo mortalidad ni se manifestaron síntomas indicativos de toxicidad en los animales de experimentación.